The first aspect concerns whether or notJude 14-15is a quotation of an apocryphal writing called The Book of Enoch. I assume that not every inspired writing ended up in the Bible. var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; What one decides about these questions has a direct bearing on the date of this epistle. (2) Hegesippus11 relates how Judes grandsons were brought before Domitian because they were suspected of attempting to overthrow the Roman government. Second, 2 Peter speaks of the false teachers as yet to come,36 and Jude speaks of them as having recently infiltrated the church. The three main dates proposed for Jude are: (1) sometime during the apostolic age (c. 50s-60s), (2) the latter part of the first century, and (3) the first half (usually the first two decades) of the second century. ((h) Elmacinus, p. 10. apud Hottinger. The original word is, however, applicable to all who are "holy," angels as well as men. It is really only as time progressed that doubts about its authenticity/canonicity became articulated, principally because of the use of apocryphal material in this little work. addy3d25f1b5191e44f87f82ea669976aad4 = addy3d25f1b5191e44f87f82ea669976aad4 + 'prca' + '.' + 'org'; You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Paul even quotes from secular writers, the most notable of whom isAretus, whom he cited on Mars Hill (Acts 17:28). Instead of citing Scripture, Jude could be using their apocryphal book against them. He said, 'Listen! This, of course, does not necessarily indicate Judes domicile, but it is suggestive. 2. The second alternative is to see Jude as the second-century bishop of Jerusalem (so Grotius). Instead, he writes that many thousands come with him. tentative. The scene in Zech 3:1-5 is a dispute in which Joshua the high priest is accused by Satan, and the angel of the Lord acts as God's emissary, while the Lord himself rebukes Satan using the words that will later appear in Jude, "the Lord rebuke you." Such restraint would especially be appropriate if one were writing to Gentiles. The imagery is that of danger lurking beneath the surface, able to sink ships which are presumed to be in safe waters. Though it is of course conceivable that Jude lived much longer than that (our external evidence is almost nil), the 70s CE is a fairly reasonable terminus ad quem. Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied, saying, Behold, the Lord came with ten thousands of his holy ones ." (v. 14). Structure: The author of this letter is Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James. And so, wondering why it was asked, I answered, No. My questioner immediately responded with the remark, You are wrong. Well, as you all know, I passed anyway; apparently the classis did not consider the question sufficiently important to make an issue of it. 7. Verses 17-18aRemember the predictions of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ, for they said to you Regarding this text, Bauckham asserts that it is not the apostles themselves, but their missionary activity in founding these particular churches, which belongs in the past., He goes on to draw a parallel with Pauls writings, in which he confesses that there is a difference: Judes statement is exactly parallel to many of Pauls in which he refers his readers back to teaching he gave them when he founded their church , with the one difference that, since Jude was evidently not one of the founding missionaries of the church(es) to which he writes, he speaks of the apostles teaching rather than his own.. In v 13 he speaks of wild waves of the sea, casting up the foam of their own shame, a vivid picture of the filth that they bring with them. They are totally different men. If the tradition of the prophecy was faulty, the Spirit would not have inspired Jude to use it. 2. The imagery is that of danger lurking beneath the surface, able to sink ships which are presumed to be in safe waters. The purpose of the earth was to be inhabited with human beings, animals and vegetation. 24The phrase our common salvation ( ) would seem to be an unusual expression if Jude had already had much contact with his audience. He may establish your hearts without blame in holiness before our God and Father at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all His saints (1 Thess. But such an upper limit is already anticipated in our first consideration, the time of Judes birth. But they are also quick to point out that it is intermingled with the present tense. With ten thousands of his saints ( ). Astronomical and physical matter; attempting to reduce the images of the Old Testament to a physical system. This first consideration we will take up in the next section since it does not at all presuppose a date in the second century, only that the apostles had died. Assuming this to be true, if 2 Peter is authentic, and if Jude is authentic, then the parameters are indeed c. 65-80. [4] Bauckham argues that Asia Minor with its large Jewish communities, the influence of Paul, and antinomian movements attested by Rev 2:14, 20, is a strong possibility, and the contacts between Jude and the. 1. fol. Jude 7 refers to the people of Sodom as "giving themselves over to fornication and going after strange flesh." Strange flesh has been variously translated as perverted sensuality, unnatural lust, lust of men for other men, and perversion. I wanted to ask you a question about several verses in the book of Jude. But then, to give his admonitions and warnings some real "punch", Jude refers to . Bauckham, who shows a remarkable balance in his treatment of these letters, gives a second argument for Judes priority: The most important literary reason for preferring 2 Peters dependence on Jude to the opposite hypothesis is that Jude 4-18 [is] a piece of writing whose detailed structure and wording has been composed with exquisite care, whereas the corresponding parts of 2 Peter, while by no means carelessly composed, are by comparison more loosely structured It is much more difficult to imagine Jude constructing his elaborate midrash with 2 Pet 2 before him.. It must be admitted that much of this is speculative, based on our very tentative reconstruction of the occasion and destination. 13 they are wild waves of the sea, foaming up their own shame; wandering stars, for whom blackest darkness has been reserved forever. Jude 14 And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied . He doesnt quote them wholesale. The second alternative is to see Jude as the second-century bishop of Jerusalem (so Grotius). 43It might be argued further that, in Judes use of 2 Peter, he adds a very telling illustration: in v 5 he says that God who saved a people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed those who did not believe. How would such a line been received if Egypt were the original destination? In the least, this is a falsifiable hypothesis which should hopefully stimulate others to probe some of the introductory questions related to the most neglected book of the NT canon. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; It would seem from this to have been an early doctrine that the Lord would "descend" to the earth for judgment. Behold, His reward is with Him And His recompense before Him (Is. Such urgency would be spawned both by a sense that the Lords return was at hand and by the sudden rise of false teachers who would do what they could, if possible, to deceive even the elect. It also normally assumes the priority of Jude aver 2 Peter and inauthenticity for the latter. This email address is being protected from spambots. The seventh from Adam prophesied the things which shall close the seventh age of the world [Bengel]. The editor to Calvins commentary adds that this is the most common opinion, before continuing, There is no evidence of such a book being known for some time after this epistle was written; and the book so called was probably a forgery, occasioned by this reference to Enochs prophecy. H. C.Thiessenagrees (Introduction to the New Testament [Grand Rapids, MI:Eerdmans, 1954], p. 294). Critics state that this isnt comparable, because Jude records that Enoch prophesied (Jude 14). The reason for this would most naturally be that the present false teachers only. Fourth, if Hegesippus account of Judes grandsons has even the smallest element of truth in it, this suggests that Judes grandsons lived in or near Rome in the 90s CE. This is seen in the apocalyptic imagery, as well as in specific utterances. One consideration that must be kept in mind, however, is that if Jude is prior to 2 Peter and if Jude is dated c. 65 CE, then 2 Peter must be pseudepigraphical. In fact, for those who hold that 2 Peter is authentic, a date for Jude in this time frame necessitates Petrine priority. and (2) is the work really by some Jude, or is it pseudepigraphical? If I had said in a test that the Pythagoreantheoremwas false because Pythagoras was an unbeliever, my Christian school teacher would have marked it wrong, Im quite sure. Jude and Jewish Myths. But it is not at all necessary for him to have been in Rome, for the news of Peters death would certainly spread quicker than the news of Johns departure for Ephesus. The problem with this literary argument is precisely that where one would expect to find analogies, he finds them for the opposite conclusion. Concerning the second argument, Bauckham points out that they cannot be called Gnostics. There are really only two problems (of any substance) with this identification. To make matters worse, he does not identify himself as Jude, the brother of the Lord. Such a designation would at least elevate Jude by virtue of his relation to Jesus. Seven years of study and a lifetime in that great calling of the ministry were in the scales of this exam. Many have been troubled by this because they think Jude is referring to a book that has perhaps been lost from the Bible. A false teacher would only show himself to be a fool if he were to deny the second advent while this great war was taking place. Though this is disputed today by many scholars, no good explanation is given why a Jewish Christian, writing to Jewish Christians, would speak of their common salvation.. The answer is quite simple: during the war between Jerusalem and Rome (66-70). The Arabic writers (h) call him Edris the prophet; and the Jews say (i), that he was in a higher degree than Moses or Elias; they also call (k) him Metatron, the great scribe, a name which they sometimes give to the angel that went before the children of Israel in the wilderness, and which seems to belong to the Messiah: that Enoch wrote a prophecy, and left it behind him in writing, does not appear from hence, or elsewhere; the Jews, in some of their writings, do cite and make mention of the book of Enoch; and there is a fragment now which bears his name, but is a spurious piece, and has nothing like this prophecy in it; wherefore Jude took this not from a book called the "Apocalypse of Enoch", but from tradition; this prophecy being handed down from age to age; and was in full credit with the Jews, and therefore the apostle very appropriately produces it; or rather he had it by divine inspiration, and is as follows: saying, behold, the Lord cometh with ten thousand of his saints; by the "Lord" is meant the Lord Jesus Christ, who is ordained the Judge of quick and dead, and for which he is richly qualified, being omniscient and omnipotent, and faithful and righteous, and who will certainly come again to judge the world in righteousness; for not of his first coming, which was not to judge and condemn, but to seek and save, but of his second coming at the last day is this to be understood; and this is expressed in the present tense, "cometh", in the manner of the prophets, who speak of things future as if they already were, as Isaiah does of the incarnation, sufferings, and death of Christ, and to awaken the attention of persons to it, as if it was near at hand, as also to signify the certainty of it: and when he comes, he will be attended "with ten thousand of his saints": meaning either the souls of glorified saints, even all of them, 1 Thessalonians 3:13, which will come with Christ, and meet the living ones, and be reunited to their own bodies, which will then be raised; or else the holy angels, as in Deuteronomy 33:2; and so some copies and the Arabic version read; which will be both for the showing forth of his glory and majesty, and for service in gathering his elect together, as well as for terror to the wicked; and a "behold" is prefixed to all this, to denote the certainty of Christ's coming, and the importance and wonderfulness of it: the ends of his coming follow. var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; Judes argument does not hang on these apocryphal passages; instead, we could back up everything that is written elsewhere in the OT. In its behalf is the probability that Jude did not live much past 70 CE. If it is true that Jude is referring here to a tradition that had come down to the church over the centuries, it would not be contrary to Scripture's integrity that Jude should quote it. 18 While theories on Gen 6 and the $$$ are intriguing, the present study concerns itself primarily with Jude's use of 1 Enoch, not 1 Enoch's use of Gen 6. Jude began to write to these believers something of a treatise on soteriology, probably as a reminder that the gospel as they learned it from Paul was the true gospelhence, our common salvation (3). The ungodly people are perverting the grace of God and denying the only Master, Jesus ( Jd 4 ). Judes mastery of Greek is more related to his vocabulary than his syntax. Thus, he turns their venerated scriptures against them, much as Jesus does to the Sadducees, who think they've wrestled Him to the ground on the issue of the resurrection with . For instance, the OT refers to the Book of the Wars of the Lord (Num. Ganz. Although Jude quotes from an apocryphal source, he imparts a more complete meaning to the prophecy. The Holy Spirit surely knows what He said through Enoch. Introduction A consensus exists today - nearly equivalent to established fact - that when Jude in the New Testament refers to Enoch in vv. And Enoch also, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of these. Since it is here we know Enoch spoke it. It is the consensus of scholars that Jude is in fact quoting or at least mentioning 1 Enoch in his letter in Jude 14-15. What he does not explain is why Jude mentions once for all delivered (a point absent in the parallels). Early Christian expectation would certainly be that once some of the events of the Olivet Discourse began to unfold, the Lords return would take place.27 Indeed, it was only after 70 CEand after Jesus did not returnthat we have any record of denial about the second coming. I think it is fair to say that one can defend more than one view of this. Although some scholars downplay the evidence,17 a reasonable reading18 of Jude suggests that the apostles with whom he normally associated had died. This argues that the letter probably was not written very much after the beginning of the Jewish War, 67 CE probably being the outside limit. It must be reiterated, therefore, that our dating of this letter at 66 (-67) is quite tentative. Orion is, like Taurus, a star constellation. Second, Judes citation can be found in OT. However, by the 4th century A.D., Jude's letter had been fully accepted by the entire church. If it is true that Jude is referring here to a tradition that had come down to the church over the centuries, it would not be contrary to Scriptures integrity that Jude should quote it. This would be particularly appropriate very soon after Peters death, for there would still be a perception that Pauls churches might defect (or in the least that they needed special encouragement). There is one further argument often employed for priority of Jude: Why would Jude even bother to write his epistle if the bulk of it were already contained in 2 Peter? http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/enoch/ENOCH_1.HTM You will have to decide for yourself, but I find the story of the angels having children with women to be mythical. It is short, but deep since Jude draws on his reader's knowledge of their faith heritage. Jude 1:14, NLT: Enoch, who lived in the seventh generation after Adam, prophesied about these people. What about non-Calvinists who reject evolution? This view assumes authenticity and that Jude was the brother of the Lord. But Enoch's prophecy is consistent with the others. 3Moffatts view that the author was an unknown Jude, brother of an unknown James, fails to take account of the fact that to identify oneself by ones brother, rather than ones father, was extremely unusual and requires an explanation. This would be like a Christian apologist citing an atheistic author in a debate against an atheist. This email address is being protected from spambots. The question brings to mind a personal experience. In spite of its brevity, Jude has fairly decent attestation in patristic literature. var addyce9e17022f037a89e93c11f4f9056e29 = 'spronk' + '@'; In Jude verse 9, Jude referred to wicked *angels. Indeed, the LORD who has chosen Jerusalem rebuke you! The Change of Subject: From Common Salvation to Contending for the Faith (3), B. Since we have argued passim at length for a particular occasion for this epistle (especially under date and destination), a summary will be given here. It is possible to be too dogmatic on such slim evidence. Indeed, if Jude is carrying on where Peter left off, and is trying to remind his audience that Peter had foretold the rise of false prophets to these people, then Asia Minor is quite certain as the destination. analogies used in Jude 12-13 which have no parallel in 2 Peter. There were only five fathers between Enoch and Adam. See the notes at 1 Corinthians 16:22. In Enoch, freedom from death and the sacred number are combined: for every seventh object is most highly valued. The Cross And Boasting (Galatians 6:12-15), 6. The implication is that they deserve the same fate. 2)Aretussurely spoke this in the context of his own pagan worship of many gods, but that does not alter the fact that the statement as such is true. This first consideration we will take up in the next section since it does not at all presuppose a date in the second century, only that the apostles had died. Finally, Jude, the brother of the Lord, may be in view. What Jude does do is he amplifies Enoch, the man. Thus, even if Jude had been a fisherman (which is doubtful since Jewish fathers raised their sons in their own occupation), such analogies would not readily be part of his own background. It is my opinion that when Jude wanted to make a point, he referenced this story, not to give it authority, but because it was sufficiently familiar to his audience that they would get what he was trying to teach them. The passage in Enoch is as follows: "Behold he comes with ten thousands of his saints, to execute judgment upon them, and to destroy the wicked, and to strive (at law) with all the carnal for everything which the sinful and ungodly have done and committed against him. They lost their place in heaven, because they would not accept God's plan for them. In Josephs second dream/prophecy of the sun, moon and eleven stars, who does the moon represent? The eschatological urgency is also seen in v 18 (for Jude says that the last time is taking place right now) and v 21 (wait for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ). We should note that this reference in Jude to the prophecy of Enoch does not agree fully with any passage in The Book of Enoch, and is likely not a quotation from any book. After all, Paul himself called one of the Cretans a prophet (Titus 1:12), and John records that the unbelieving Caiaphas prophesied as well (Jn. 46At the same time, in our hypothesis Jude was not aware of Johns recent departure (or perhaps arrival) for Ephesus. Maybe it could also refer to the seven wandering stars. How can we say that the prophecy in Isaiah 42:2 applies to Jesus, given that he did cry out for people to repent, he cleansed the temple and he argued with the Pharisees? ct that Jude does not call himself an apostle in this letter renders this view implausible. This is seen in the apocalyptic imagery, as well as in specific utterances. "and enoch also, the seventh from adam, prophesied of these, saying, behold, the lord cometh with ten thousands of his saints, to execute judgment upon all, and to convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have ungodly committed, and of all their hard speeches which ungodly sinners have spoken against him" ( 15:33). This question is about one of the most obscure references in the New Testament. Sixth, since this is a letter, Jude was not in the place where the letter was sent. Lit., hard things. Fifth, Jude was an itinerant preacher (1 Cor 9:5), which at least indicated that he traveled beyond Jerusalem. There are other examples, one notable instance of which is found inActs 20:35, which states that Christ said, It is more blessed to give than to receive. This word of the Lord Jesus is not recorded in any of the four gospel accounts. 4Guthrie, 904. Especially for the Jews it was part of their common culture. Not only this, but the external evidence is too strong and too early to allow such an identification. This email address is being protected from spambots. The primary reason scholars hold the priority of Jude, it seems, is that they view 2 Peter as pseudepigraphical. var addy_text302cf4d201b7e0e5a1925d1af014adea = 'Classical Committee';document.getElementById('cloak302cf4d201b7e0e5a1925d1af014adea').innerHTML += '
'+addy_text302cf4d201b7e0e5a1925d1af014adea+'<\/a>'; 29See Bauckham, 141-42, for a discussion of other possible literary relationships (e.g., both are dependent on a common source, both are by the same author, etc.). Here is the section of The book of Enoch "Jude" quotes from (Or vise-versa). . What does the fact that Jude (vs 14-15) used 1 Enoch say about it being an inspired book? Second, the OT repeatedly quotes non-biblical sources as truthful. It is noteworthy that Jude does not affirm that Enoch wrote this statement. Some amount of time must be allowed for both the invasion of the false teachers after Peter wrote his epistle and for Jude to have learned about it. var addy302cf4d201b7e0e5a1925d1af014adea = 'billlangerak' + '@'; The text reads that Enoch "walked with God: and he was no more; for God took him" (Gen 5:21-24), which is interpreted . So Rev. These heretics who now threatened them were antinomian, abusing Gods grace (4). Bib. 27:24). Second, if Jude used 2 Peter, then Jude 17 relates to Pauls personal missionary work among the readers and Peters written ministry. Not only do Codices Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, and Vaticanus contain Jude, but 72 (III/IV century) contains this letter. 25This is seen plainly in the shift in his purpose for writing (v 3). Those who do not believe that it is a quotation from The Book of Enoch prefer to refer it to oral tradition. The original purpose for writing was altered when news of false teachers infiltrating into the church at Ephesus reached Jude. Paul refers to Jannes and Jambres, which were magicians, who were not mentioned anywhere else in the OT (2 Tim. 2) Second, Jude says the Lord will "execute judgment and to convict all the ungodly," but Enoch says that "he" will "execute judgment upon . www.sermonaudio.com/search.asp?speakeronly=true&currsection=sermonsspeaker&keyword=Prof._Herman_Hanko. They attempt to break down the Church Body. Two arguments are used for this date: (1) references in Jude (vv 3, 17) which seem to indicate that the apostolic age had now passed, and (2) the identification of the false teachers with Gnosticism. Which is correct on the time from Adam to Abrahamthe Masoretic text or the Septuagint? 8Cf. But once again, appeal is made to the common ground (the faith) that all the apostles shared. You suggest that the young earth idea is a Calvinist invention. and Jude speaks of them as having recently infiltrated the church. The following points have to be understood from this. Even if the content of Enochs preaching came down through tradition, that prophecy was inspired in Enoch in the same way that Pauls speeches, quoted in Scripture, were inspired by the Holy Spirit. Is he implying that the Book of Enoch is inspired? Critics argue that either Jude believed these books were Scripture, or the book of Jude is not Scripture itself. Pythagoras was not a believer, but this mathematical statement is truefrom a formal point of view. 3) Paul is not sayingAretusspoke by the Holy Spirit; he is only saying thatAretus, in this statement, made a correct observation. 37Once reason that the prophets were no longer necessary to mention is that Jude was simply trying to draw the connection between Peter and Paul, while Peter was trying to make the connection between Paul and true religion. This is interesting not only because these two letters are among the most disputed of the corpus Paulinum, butbecause they were also sent to Ephesus. He probably took this from Deuteronomy 33:2, which states that God came with ten thousand holy ones. He corrects the portion of 1 Enoch that is not accurate in favor of the biblical text. These two considerations seem to support the conclusion that Jude has gone out of his way to introduce this nautical imagery. The best explanation for this is that he is writing to a church on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This is the second of the apocryphal passages referred to in notes on Jde 1:9. 21:14), the Book of Jasher (Josh. The Cross And The Flesh (Gal. Compare Deuteronomy 33:2; Zechariah 14:5. They are in a sense prophetic of a person. In its behalf is the probability that Jude did not live much past 70 CE. First, Jude corrects the apocryphal text. document.getElementById('cloak3d25f1b5191e44f87f82ea669976aad4').innerHTML = '';
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