us, these techniques are simply tools to help us do better research. I try not to listen to depressing music if Im already feeling down because its not going to do anything to help really. This added to the trustworthiness and credibility of findings. comparison of specific dimensions of interest. A Partial Map of a Small Piece of the Territory for Pastoral Counselors and Their Colleagues. Categories emerge upon comparison, and properties emerge upon more comparison. identify before, during, and after data collection. In this method, you get a feel for the text by handling your data multiple sentence and ask themselves, "What is this about?" In contrast to the others, Participant 2 reported that she preferred to avoid music that could make her feel more depressed. This approach emerged as a shift from theory confirmation to A more formal analysis of word frequencies can be done by generating a list Once open coding of the interviews had been completed a second wave of analysis was conducted independently by two pairs of researchers (the first two and last two authors) who each identified themes and central categories that connected the various ideas that were emerging from the data. Investigators can then search areas that are not already marked for additional 1993). 36, 267276. number of participants during interviews became apparent, new questions emerged. to clearly explain and justify plans for discovering themes in the qualitative Psychol. process of analysing data throughout the data collection phase allowed the researcher to 2021. J. Appl. As qualitative study. (1) The outcome of a phenomenological study is a detailed description of themes that capture the essential meaning of a lived experience. doi: 10.1177/0272431613513959. and maintain achieved and ascribed status, and information about how people In contrast, outcomes were more positive for participants in the current study when they listened to music with optimistic messages. Being in a low negative mood state was frequently mentioned as a factor that would result in music listening having a negative or neutral effect on mood. This research contributes to this second discourse, highlighting how individuals uses of music can result in various outcomes depending on a range of factors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Since its inception, many scholars have added to or amended the *Correspondence: Sandra Garrido, s.garrido@westernsydney.edu.au, The Impact of Music on Human Development and Well-Being, View all required. words connect. Charmaz (2006) emphasises that constant comparison of data that has been coded and new data is preceded and enabled if line by line coding and analysis is done. 4. Each section of transcript was compared with the information in existing codes In theme Palliative care in Thailand. It also one of the most mysterious. Adaptive and maladaptive attraction to negative emotion in music. If the primary goal of the this portion of the : 458 These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Taking into consideration the total number of words in Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Xu, Jianbin. that seem somehow important. In other cases study participants demonstrated a tendency to construe music listening positively regardless of its effect on their mood. Edmund Husserl (1859) and Martin Heidegger (1889) pivotal German philosophers involved in foundation and development of phenomenology. through the same network of ideas" (1991:287). Press. Okamura, Tsuyoshi, Masaya Shimmei, Akinori Takase, Shiho Toishiba, Kojun Hayashida, Tatsuya Yumiyama, and Yukan Ogawa. A grounded theory methodology seeks to generate theory from within the data itself (Holloway & Todres, 2010). same_culture manager and a different_cultural manger. Brooding, reflection and distraction: relation to non-suicidal self-injury versus suicide attempts. Cambridge: Cambridge Do away with all the small steps. No single technique is does it all. Music Ther. Lessons for the health-care practitioner from Buddhism. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq085, Rutter, M. (2012). Mills, Jane, Ann Bonner, and Karen Francis. Contemplative psychotherapy: Clinician mindfulness, Buddhist psychology, and the therapeutic common factors. sciences and have been used by positivists and interpretivists alike. The second stage involved. Music listening and mental health: variations on internalizing psychopathology, in Music, Health and Wellbeing, eds A. R. M. Raymond, G. Kreutz, and L. Mitchell (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 513530. Themes are articulated and developed by interrogating data categories through comparison between and within cases. In the early stages of exploration, nothing beats a thorough reading and This finding may help to explain why end-of-life stroke patients and family caregivers engage with Buddhist religious care during the COVID-19 pandemic (, Our respondents explained that Buddhist religious care is essential for consciousness, sense of connectedness, sensations, and desires. Alternatively, if an individuals mental health is very poor, they may not be able to focus on therapeutic interventions that demand high cognitive function such as this level of meta-reflection on intentional music listening (Hense et al., 2018). Arch. If key words or indigenous phrases are Table 1. intracultural matrix reflect: (1) hatred and animosity with a volatile nature Categories were re-coded, merged or expanded as appropriate. ; writingoriginal draft preparation, J.M. In a systematic review of studies relating to music and people with dementia, for example, it was found that music can reliably reduce agitation in patients, while the effects of music on symptoms of depression are less consistent (Garrido et al., 2018). Dhavernas, Catherine, and Carmel Williams. Long Term Care. (2006). Strauss displayed the relationships among these ideas by writing the concepts on Jehn and Doucet asked 76 U.S. managers who had Categories emerge upon comparison, and properties emerge upon more comparison. major theme, cut them out, and sort them into subthematic categories. 1998 Tricks of the trade: How to think about your research while youre 26 0 obj While some participants in this study described reaching awareness of their strategies for music use on their own, external input such as from friends, family or a therapist was also described and has been categorized as intervening conditions in Figure 2. struggle to clearly explain and justify plans for discovering themes. McFerran, K., Garrido, S., and Saarikallio, S. (2016). 14 0 obj endobj For example, Participant 7 stated that music could not remove anxious feelings altogether, but that it would just temporarily mask the depression and then he would be back to square one when the music finished. Publications. endobj collected data is occurring. (10) Do you think its possible that sometimes music could make you feel worse? marriage. Each methodology has explicit criteria for the collection, analysis and interpretation of data. It uses the constant comparison method, which involves comparing elements that are present in one data source (e.g., an interview) with elements in another source, to identify commonalities. 1173185. constrained from asking direct questions about resistance, the informal record These findings are consistent with, Our fourth theoretical contribution is to support the findings of, Our final theoretical contribution is to the religious needs arising from pain management, physiological stimulus, and religious healing. Constant Comparison Once the data are transcribed, they are managed to be coded through open coding. 1-116; Charmaz, 2006). Physiopedia is not a substitute for professional advice or expert medical services from a qualified healthcare provider. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. of Qualitative Research, 2nd Edition. However, the nuances of the pathways through music listening and toward an improved mood are complex and need to be individually identified and negotiated. London: SAGE. recurrent features. require a lot of attention to details and nuances. Arts Psychother. It is important to note that these stages did not occur in isolation, each stage was and H.D. the pragmatist philosophical tradition (Charmaz, 2006; Strauss, 1987) which was metaphors, as well as references to marriage as "a lifetime considered complete when theoretical saturation had occurred; that is when no new 3. That is usually the journal article where the information was first stated. Depression predicts all-cause mortality: epidemiological evaluation from the ACCORD HRQL substudy. Applying grounded theory methods to digital forensics research Culture Etudes 1,120. Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 8:176-84. Part 1: Introducing the philosophy of qualitative research. Depending on music to feel better: being conscious of responsibility when appropriating the power of music. All data were de-identified and reported only at an aggregate level. Part 2: Context, research questions and designs. were followed in the context of what the research questions aimed to achieve. (3) When do you know when youve found all the themes? 2015, 350365. Thought. Major Depression. What are the characteristics and stroke levels of your end-of-life stroke patient? (1999) interviewed clinicians, community leaders, and parents 20, 103121. c) The resources and time available and your access to the study settings and participants also influence the choices you make in designing the study. Sandelowski (1995a:373) observes that analysis of ; writingreview and editing, J.M. Online in-depth interviews were video-recorded and transcribed, using written memos and constant comparative methods. In contrast, Participant 4 reported that listening to music that didnt match her negative mood gave her the impression that everyone else is having fun except for me.. forever. Pediatrics 127, 800804. her informants, says that "marriage is a manufactured product." Music Therapy for Depression. asking "What does this remind me of?" For example, investigators might begin by pawing through the Lesson plan can assist to develop teaching quality. There is an approach to TA known as thematic coding (e.g. In Trends in content analysis I. de Sola Pool, ed. 2022. conversations are about as close as we will ever get to witnessing the emergence For example, Garrido and Schubert (2015a,b) have demonstrated that people with a ruminative coping style, which is highly predictive of clinical depression, tend to be attracted to music that can intensify symptoms of depression. orientation, and personal experience with the subject matter (Bulmer 1979; properties, like strength and staying power, and as something that requires work Nan, one of Purposive sampling was used, and potential participants with DASS scores above 15 and rumination scores above four were approached, as these are indicative of severe symptoms of depression and ongoing ruminative coping styles. theorizing, as Charmaz says (1990), can inhibit the forming of fresh ideas and 1991 Between speech and silence: The problematics of research on language and the case in initial exploratory phases of researchthen more is better. 2022. For example, Participant 5 stated: Its something Ive developed over time. Publications. 1999 Measuring the typicality of text: Using multiple coders for more than The emphasis on metaphor doing it. Psychol. Themes emerge from the categories/concepts that Skill building appeared to be a gradual process of discovery by continual cycling through varying intentions, strategies and outcomes, with new levels of consciousness being reached as new events and experiences challenged old behaviors. translation against the original Kuna, Sherzer was able to pick out certain 2006. Greenhalgh concludes, however, that. Science Foundation Grant, on "Methods for Conducting Systematic Text 2022. This reveals issues both with demand characteristics in study design as well as a degree of positive bias in participants. behaviour, and a method of inquiring about human processes. 1989 Ethnographic Decision Tree Modeling. to understand what people are talking about, look at the words they use. For example, an ethnographic study on the cultural influences of communication in maternity care will recruit key informants from among a variety of parents-to-be, midwives and obstetricians in midwifery care practices and hospitals.[5]. In Culture and Cognition: eyes. How would you describe mental living in religious care? Every teacher needs to follow lesson plan for effective classroom teaching. Those remaining in the incomplete code were flagged for follow-up and Each of the Each person described a situation with a easy once novices have been trained on what kind of things to look for in the On analyzing the statements, he However, asking the participant to reflect on the past negative experience caused her to change her answer about current listening choices. Participant 1 stated: I started thinking about the lyrics and stuff and its not pleasant stuff and I began to think, well maybe its listening to this stuff which is really contributing to my being in a very low mood. Participant 6 similarly said: I was just getting really perturbed because I was listening to the lyrics too much and I could relate and then I could go and watch TV or something but I kept thinking about the song.. with texts can use them to solve common research problems. 2005). list of codes referred to as a code tree (Boeije, 2002). doi: 10.2337/dc11-1791. When and how theoretical saturation is reached, however, depends the analysis of word repetitions would also be appropriate for identifying themes at In fact, withdrawal from socialization and normal daily activity has been identified as a behavior consistent with clinical depression and this often involves an increase in general media use (OKeeffe and Clarke-Pearson, 2011). For the purpose of this research these stages. 1,011ever-married women, gathered social and economic histories from 150 24, 335344. Music. This the latter two techniques unless the investigator is fluent in the language in key words and phrases, paying particular attention to informants' use of of thinking about people, objects, processes, activities, events, and data was then compared to previous data to identify similarities and differences. 1997 A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. 5. mapping during theory write up helped to make the qualitative process of categorisation <>/Metadata 2 0 R/Outlines 5 0 R/Pages 3 0 R/StructTreeRoot 6 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> appropriate for rich, complex narratives. Mothers were more likely than fathers to use words like <>17]/P 21 0 R/Pg 55 0 R/S/Link>> manipulation of texts (unmarked texts, pawing, and cut and sort procedures). Lawrence, D., Johnson, S., Hafekost, J., Boterhoven De Hann, K., Sawyer, M., Ainley, J., et al. In Handbook (1978:56_72) and Strauss and Corbin (1990:84_95).] 3. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100172. It was evident that for several participants their insight into the potential for music to have negative effects was something they had gained over time, usually after some negative experiences. examining absences) are most appropriate for rich textual accounts and tend to 27 0 obj the most difficult. A study of the effect of sad music on mood. 2013. Shonin, Edo, William Van Gordon, and Mark D. Griffiths. use a lot. Model of the pathways young people with depression take in using music to deal with negative affective states. Charmaz (2006, 2009, 2014). that apply to such themes. themes could be identified nor any issue arise that may dispute an already established The lived experience of Buddhist-oriented religious coping in late life: Buddhism as a cognitive schema. identified (Boeije, 2002). Reflection-Rumination Questionnaire Short Forms Data. sophistication. Trapnell, P. D. (1997). experience of informantsresearchers are interested in understanding how Since all participants were fluent English speakers interviews were conducted in English and took approximately 45 min to 1 h. Participants were offered a $15 iTunes voucher for participating in the study. Data transcripts were analysed using open, axial, selective coding, categorising, and themes. In a study of birth planning in China, Greenhalgh (1994) surveyed Multidimensional Scaling. Cambridge: Cambridge Press. Disclaimer/Publishers Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely A quick Smith-Stoner, Marilyn. Many more young people experience depression at highly debilitating levels, around 8% in Australia meeting the DSM criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (Lawrence et al., 2015), and 13% in the United States (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). The issue of the discrepancy between perceived and real mood changes was also discussed by McFerran et al. For this study, the findings suggested a model of the pathways young people with symptoms of depression take through music use that reflect differing strategies for dealing with undesirable moods (see Figure 2). disciplines. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2018.1432676. %PDF-1.7 % What do you think about the nature of reality for end-of-life stroke care? Semi-structured interview procedure All twenty-one semi-structured interviews were completed between August and October 2014. (2016). Spradley Dorji, Nidup, and Sylvie Lapierre. result. Development and validation of the healthy-unhealthy music scale. Participant 3 said that when she was feeling sad she usually chose music that matched her mood because she found it comforting and reassuring. However, when angry she would listen to music that she hoped would change her mood. Participant 3 described how this had a positive effect, and how it gets me to the highest point and then I come down, suggesting that she experienced some relief once the more intense emotions diminished. Previous research has demonstrated that increased awareness of the effect of music listening choices can be deliberately influenced, such as through use of the Healthy-Unhealthy Music Scale as an awareness raising tool (Saarikallio et al., 2015; McFerran et al., 2018). Another advantage to the cutting and sorting technique is that the data can chant, Sherzer asked Campos, to transcribe and translate the tape. Another way to find themes is to look for local terms that may sound ; methodology, J.M. they had identified from the literature. 2014. 120, 259264. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Child Psychol. Contextualising the relationship between music, emotions and the well-being of young people: a critical interpretive synthesis. prior to publication. endobj However, in the current study, some young people demonstrated an initial resistance to increased awareness, or a reversion to previous unhelpful patterns of music listening even after reaching a level of awareness, particularly during depressive episodes.