[47] Structural damage occurred to the southwest corner between Floors 7 and 17 and on the south facade between Floor 44 and the roof; other possible structural damage includes a large vertical gash near the center of the south facade between Floors 24 and 41. Naval War College, with the claims rejected by others. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks, New York State Office of Court Administration, works of art were destroyed in the collapse, NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Structural Engineers Association of New York, Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks, United States Environmental Protection Agency, "One World Trade Center officially opens in New York City, on the site of the Twin Towers", "Charted: The tallest buildings in the world for any year in history", "Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions", "Plane Crashes into Empire State Building", "Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers. [17] With thick smoke filling the stairwells, evacuation was difficult for building occupants and led to many smoke inhalation injuries. There was a popular belief at the time that there was cyanide in the bomb, which was reinforced by Judge Duffy's statement at sentencing, "You had sodium cyanide around, and I'm sure it was in the bomb." 19 terrorists were also killed in the attacks. At 9:59a.m.,[a] the South Tower collapsed, around 56 minutes after being struck. Nonetheless, the World Trade Center's structural engineers ended up following draft versions of New York City's new 1968 building codes. [196], The Marriott World Trade Center hotel was destroyed during the two towers collapse. [34] In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority offered to take over the H&M Railroad. [144], Windows on the World was forced to close following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing as the explosion damaged receiving areas, storage and parking spots used by the restaurant complex. Part 2 of our history series commemorating the FBI's 100th anniversary in 2008. On Feb. 28, 1993, investigators sifting through the wreckage strewn about the parking garage recovered several . "Debris Mountain Starts to Shrink." The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), established in November 2001 to oversee the rebuilding process,[210] organized competitions to select a site plan and memorial design. Ivan Morales was still in the police academy with the NYPD when he helped with rescue and recovery efforts at the World Trade Center following the attacks. The core of the towers housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. [2] Built with a novel design that maximized interior space, the towers had a high strength to weight ratio as they utilized a new "framed tube" design that required 40percent less steel than more traditional steel framed skyscrapers. Fewer than 200 of the civilian fatalities occurred in the floors below the impact points but all 147 civilian passengers and crew on the two aircraft as well as all 10 terrorists perished, along with at least 18 people on the ground and in adjacent structures.[28]. [14], After the collapses, Leslie Robertson stated, "To the best of our knowledge, little was known about the effects of a fire from such an aircraft, and no designs were prepared for that circumstance. [107], When completed in 1973, the South Tower became the second tallest building in the world at 1,362 feet (415m). Abstract. "[98] Jose L. Torero, formerly of the BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, pursued further research into the potentially catastrophic effects of fire on real-scale buildings.[99][100][101]. Getty Images. With a loss of lateral support across nine floors, Column 79 soon buckled pulling the East penthouse and nearby columns down with it. This is never before seen footage and has never been released. Other motifs included romance, depicted in the 1988 film Working Girl, and corporate avarice, depicted in Wall Street (1987) and The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990). Walking Tours. After the attack, authorities evacuated 50,000 people from the buildings, hundreds of whom were suffering from smoke . [143] In 1999, Cellar in the Sky was changed into an American steakhouse and renamed as Wild Blue. The names of the victims would be etched in walls around the pools. Also as a result of the loss of power, most of New York City's radio and television stations (save for one, WCBS-TV (channel 2)) lost their over-the-air broadcast signal for almost a week, with television stations only being able to broadcast via cable and satellite via a microwave hookup between the stations and three of the New York area's largest cable companies, Cablevision, Comcast, and Time Warner Cable. [30] The key element in the structure that failed was constituted by the combined "vertical load-bearing members of one entire storey." [53] In the meantime, NIST provided a preliminary report about 7 World Trade Center in June 2004, and thereafter released occasional updates on the investigation. When its use was discontinued, the spraying then proceeded with one of three different sprayed fire-resistive material (SFRM) insulation - BLAZE-SHIELD DC/F, BLAZE-SHIELD II or vermiculite plaster, which was coated on the trusses, perimeter columns, spandrels, and one or more surfaces of the core columns. [16], After the 1993 bombing, inspections found fireproofing to be deficient. Hijackers deliberately flew two commercial . [63] The floors consisted of 4-inch (10cm) thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. During the emergency response, there was minimal communication between the NYPD and the New York City Fire Department (FDNY), and overwhelmed 9-1-1 dispatchers did not pass along information to FDNY commanders on-scene. [32] As each story failed, the remaining block fell through the height of the story, onto the next one, which it also crushed, until the roof finally hit the ground. [97] When the NIST report was published, Barbara Lane, with the UK engineering firm Arup, criticized its conclusion that the loss of fire proofing was a necessary factor in causing the collapses; "We have carried out computer simulations which show that the towers would have collapsed after a major fire on three floors at once, even with fireproofing in place and without any damage from plane impact. [170] According to a presiding judge, the conspirators' chief aim at the time of the attack was to destabilize the North Tower and send it crashing into the South Tower, toppling both skyscrapers. Due to radio communications problems, firefighters inside the towers did not hear the evacuation order from their supervisors on the scene, and most were unaware that the other tower had collapsed. [162] Seven weeks after the September 11 attacks, $230million in precious metals was removed from basement vaults of 4WTC. [5], The towers also incorporated a "hat truss" or "outrigger truss" located between the 107th and 110th floors, which consisted of six trusses along the long axis of core and four along the short axis. In March 1994, Salameh, Nidal Ayyad, Mahmud Abouhalima and Ahmad Ajaj were each convicted in the World Trade Center bombing. [41] In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the real estate tax rate increased. [58], Although the FBI received the credit, Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) special agents actually found and arrested Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, the architect of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Yousef's plan was that the North Tower would fall onto the South Tower, collapsing them both. [citation needed], Since the September 11 attacks, the 1993 bombing is sometimes described as "forgotten" and "unknown. People look out of the burning North tower of the World Trade Center in New York City September 11, 2001. ", "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? [17] Prior to the collapses, the owners of the towers, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, were in the process of adding fireproofing, but had only been completed on 18floors in 1WTC, including all the floors affected by the aircraft impact and fires, and on 13floors in 2WTC, although none were directly affected by the aircraft impact. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently. Prior to its destruction, the World Trade Center had been the world's largest commercial complex, home to many businesses . [136] The 107th-floor also featured a subway-themed food court that featured Sbarro Street Station and Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs with a dining area that simulated Central Park. That became something that you couldn't do even retroactively after 9/11." Corrections? [19], On the morning of August 7, 1974, Philippe Petit performed a high-wire walk between the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center. Baant later published an expanded version of this analysis. Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl, a structural engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley, explained that the high temperatures in the fires weakened the steel beams and columns, causing them to become "soft and mushy", and eventually they were unable to support the structure above. [253] Several years after the attacks, works such as "The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson" were placed back in syndication. [37] In 2002, it was made public that Yasin, the only person involved in the bombing who was never convicted by US authorities,[38] was being held as a prisoner on the outskirts of Baghdad, Iraq since 1994. You may also want to consult Understanding 9/11: a Television News Archive from the Internet Archive or The September 11 . Baant suggested that heat from the fires was a key factor, causing steel columns in both the core and the perimeter to weaken and experience deformation before losing their carrying capacity and buckling. "[240][241] Six years later, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin successfully climbed the outside of the North Tower to call attention to the inability to rescue people potentially trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers. [21] It is known that 15 people received traumatic injuries from the blast and 20 complained of cardiac problems. [52] Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. "[9], During the September 11 attacks, four teams of al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four different jetliners. [40], Approval was also needed from New York City Mayor John Lindsay and the New York City Council. [125] On June 9, 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12million in renovations. [193], At 9:59a.m., the South Tower collapsed after burning for approximately 56 minutes. Today, tenants of One World Trade Center include several major financial companies, as well as media and tech companies. AT 8:46 am ON SEPTEMBER 11, 2001, as all the world now knows, a Boeing 767 jet flew into the North Tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan. In WTC 2 the impact removed insulation from 39 of the 47 columns on multiple floors and from floor trusses spanning an area of 80,000sqft (7,400m2). More than a thousand people were hurt in some way, some badly, with crushed limbs. The bomb instantly cut off the World Trade Center's main electrical power line, knocking out the emergency lighting system. [80] The decision declared that the agency was 68 percent responsible for the bombing, and the terrorists bore only 32 percent of the responsibility. Updates? Since the number of floors above the approximate floor of collapse initiation exceeded six in each WTC tower (12 floors in WTC 1 and 29 floors in WTC 2), the floors below the level of collapse initiation were unable to resist the suddenly applied gravitational load from the upper floors of the buildings. [89] Some engineers have suggested that understanding of the collapse mechanism could be improved by developing an animated sequence of the collapses based on a global dynamic model, and comparing it with the video evidence of the actual collapses. [246][245] The 2001 film Kissing Jessica Stein, which was shown at the Toronto International Film Festival the day before the attacks, had to be modified before its general public release so the filmmakers could delete scenes that depicted the World Trade Center. Federal authorities denied Salem's view of events and the New York Times concluded that the tapes "do not make clear the extent to which Federal authorities knew that there was a plan to bomb the World Trade Center, merely that they knew that a bombing of some sort was being discussed." Short chrysotile fibers were the most common type of asbestos found in the 9/11 dust. [9] [10]Outro grupo de sequestradores do Voo 77 da American Airlines atingiu o Pentgono s 9h37min. At 10:28a.m., the aviation unit reported that "the roof is going to come down very shortly"[37] and indeed, the North Tower collapsed immediately thereafter, at 10:28a.m., after burning for 102 minutes.[40]. The neighborhood was a warehouse district in what is now Tribeca and the Financial District. [22] About one third of the fuel was consumed in the initial impact and resulting fireball. [143][149], In its last iteration, Windows on the World received mixed reviews. Yasin calculated that the fuse would trigger the bomb in twelve minutes after he had used a cigarette lighter to light the fuse. The fire caused steel structural elements, already weakened from the plane's impact, to fail. [11] During its existence, the World Trade Center symbolized globalization and the economic power of America. [106] Each tower stood over 1,350 feet (410m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (4,000m2) of the total 16 acres (65,000m2) of the site's land. [58] Below the 7th floor to the foundation, there were fewer, wider-spaced perimeter columns to accommodate doorways.[61][56]. Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images. RecommendedTours & SightseeingWalking & Biking ToursShore ExcursionsLuxury & Special Occasions. He anticipated Tower One collapsing onto Tower Two after the blast. In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, numerous structural engineers and experts spoke to the media, describing what they thought caused the towers to collapse. FBI.gov is an official site of the U.S. Department of Justice. The way in which the planes hit made all the difference in determining which tower would fall sooner. Designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki and officially opened in April 1973, the towers were very briefly the worlds tallest buildings until surpassed by the Sears (now Willis) Tower in Chicago, which was completed in May 1973. Of the 2,606 people who died in the attacks on the World Trade Center, more than half - at least 1,356 [1] - were in the North Tower (Tower One) at or above the point of impact of American Airlines Flight 11, which slammed into the building at 8:46am. The new lounge under construction on the 82nd floor of One World Trade Center will offer active military service members and veterans of the US, Australia and other friendly nations a . The 1993 World Trade Center bombing was a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City, U.S., carried out on February 26, 1993, when a truck bomb detonated below the North Tower of the complex. [64][65][66] The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. In November 1997, two more were convicted: Ramzi Yousef, the organizer behind the bombings, and Eyad Ismoil, who drove the truck carrying the bomb. Also, water pressure was low, with little or no water to feed sprinklers.[48][49]. According to testimony in the bomb trial, only once before the 1993 attack had the FBI recorded a bomb that used urea nitrate. [9] In an interview with the BBC two months after the building collapses, Robertson claimed that, "with the 707, the fuel load was not considered in the design, I don't know how it could have been considered." The tower did not collapse, but the garage was severely damaged in the explosion. In the initial court case in NYS Criminal Court, Nosair was acquitted of murder but convicted of gun charges (in a related and follow-up case in Federal Court, he was convicted). The Twin Towers suffered high vacancy rates for decades. If Commission Report's claim that the South Tower was struck at 9:03:11 a.m is to be believed, this would mean the tower burned for 55 minutes and 48 seconds, not 56 minutes as is commonly believed. Yousef wanted the smoke to remain in the tower, smothering people inside, killing them slowly. The energy from each impact was "reintroduced into the structure in [the] subsequent impact, concentrate[d] in the load-bearing elements directly affected by the impact. [220] Above-ground construction of 5WTC was also suspended due to a lack of tenants[221] as well as disputes between the Port Authority and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530m). It is a constant reminder of the lives that were lost and hope for the . The total death toll for civilian and non-civilians is estimated to be 2,606 persons. [225], Before its destruction, the World Trade Center was a New York City icon, and the Twin Towers were the centerpiece that represented the entire complex. The towers were designed as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans uninterrupted by columns or walls. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted and concrete was poured in, forcing the slurry out. Architecture Big", "How To Remember Minoru Yamasaki's Twin Towers", "Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced", "World's tallest building opens in Dubai", "From Zen Garden to Piazza, A Plaza Gets a New Look", "Onstage at the Twin Towers Announces Summer 2001 Schedule -- Four Months of Free Music, Dance, Theatre Performances Begin June 8", "September 11th: ART LOSS, DAMAGE, AND REPERCUSSIONS Proceedings of an IFAR Symposium on February 28, 2002", "9/11-related cancer and other diseases are surging", "At New Trade Center, Seeking Lively (but Secure) Streets", "Girding Against Return of the Windy City in Manhattan", "Workers Try to Find Solidarity After a Loss", "World Trade Center Plaza Reopens with Summer-long Performing Arts Festival", "Currents: Renovations; What Happened When the World Trade Center Lost Its Marbles", "Metal Detectors, Common at Other City Landmarks, Are Not Used", "TRAVEL ADVISORY;World Trade Center Restaurant to Reopen", "RESTAURANTS; In a Cozy Cabin Amid the Shooting Stars", "Windows on the World Workers Say Their Boss Didn't Do Enough", "Restaurants; Food That's Nearly Worthy of the View", "Everything You Need to Know About Dining at One World Trade", "Hotel In The Trade Center Greets Its First 100 Guests", World Trade Center Building Performance Study 2002, Gold, Recovery of The Towers' buried treasure, "TRADE CENTER TO GET FIRE SPRINKLERS AT $45 MILLION COST", "Sheik Sentenced to Life in Prison in Bombing Plot", "In Sentencing Bombers, Judge Takes Hard Line", "Prosecutor: Yousef aimed to topple Trade Center towers", "Escape from New York The Use of Photoluminescent Pathway-marking Systems in High-Rise", "Their Monument Now Destroyed, 1993 Victims Are Remembered", "Remembering the victims of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing", "New York's World Trade Center Struggles to Fill Office Space", "As Trade Center Talks Stumble, No. The New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project,[27] but the plans were put on hold in 1949. His original plan called for the towers to be 80 stories tall,[44] but to meet the Port Authority's requirement for 10,000,000 square feet (930,000m2) of office space, the buildings would each have to be 110 stories tall. [32], This continued until the upper block reached the ground and the crush-up phase began. [81] When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900million. "[64] Mylroie denied that this was proof of Saddam's non-involvement, claiming that "one common purpose of such meetings was to develop cover stories for whatever Iraq sought to conceal."[65]. [246], Other episodes and films mentioned the attacks directly or depicted the World Trade Center in alternate contexts. [29] Such collapses are characterized by "the separation of structural components (including non-load bearing elements), the release of gravitational energy, and the occurrence of impact forces." Meanwhile, the mastermind of the World Trade Center bombing was still on the runand up to no good. [70] Other analyses were conducted by MIT civil engineers Oral Buyukozturk and Franz-Josef Ulm, who also described a collapse mechanism on September 21, 2001. [236] Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable. The World Trade Center in March, 2001 Wikimedia Commons. [7] During his time as an FBI informant, Salem recorded hours of telephone conversations with his FBI handlers, and reports submitted in court. [22] Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the WTC complex's buildings including 7 World Trade Center, and caused catastrophic damage to 10 other large structures in the surrounding area. Science, engineering, and speculation", "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse? The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River. [78] Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center. Rita Kempley of The Washington Post said "if we erase the towers from our art, we erase it [sic] from our memories". [48][93] Lewis Mumford, author of The City in History and other works on urban planning, criticized the project, describing it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing cabinets". [176] It was later destroyed following the September 11 attacks. Theyd have it soon enough. They received $660 from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Yousef's uncle. Large pieces are hanging up there". The exact time is disputed. [225][227] 7 World Trade Center was built on the superblock's north side in the late 1980s over another block of Greenwich Street. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. [78], FEMA suggested that fires in conjunction with damage resulting from the aircraft impacts were the key to the collapse of the towers. The bomb caused smoke to rise to the 93rd floor of both towers, including through the stairwells (which were not pressurized), and smoke went up the damaged elevators in both towers. [111] More than 18,000 people have suffered from illnesses from the dust.[112]. The memorial, Reflecting Absence, would honor those who died at the World Trade Center in terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and February 26, 1993. [97] On a typical weekday, an estimated 50,000 people worked in the complex and another 140,000 passed through as visitors. The debris cloud from the North Tower collapse was also larger and more widespread than the South Tower's, which would have been the result of dust from the South Tower being kicked up by the collapse of the North. [57] As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to the local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. At the 9/11 Memorial, which opened on the tenth anniversary of the 2001 attacks, the dead of the 1993 bombing are memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-73. The World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers in New York City collapsed on 9/11/2001, converting much of the buildings' huge masses into dense dust clouds of particles that settled on the streets and within buildings throughout Lower Manhattan. [78] Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process, and the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 15, 1970, while it was still under construction,[80][5] while the South Tower began accepting tenants in January 1972. Though the cause of the blast was not immediately known, with some suspecting a transformer explosion, agents and bomb technicians from the ATF, FBI, and the NYPD quickly responded to the scene. The Deutsche Bank Building, which was covered in a large black "shroud" after September 11 to cover the building's damage, was deconstructed because of water, mold, and other severe damage caused by the neighboring towers' collapse. The South Tower (2 WTC) burned for 56 minutes before it fell and was destroyed. "[14], There were several high-profile events that occurred at the World Trade Center. Twilight view from harbor. Here, it was the columns that buckled one story at a time, now starting from the bottom. February 26, 1993 - At 12:18 p.m. In tapes made after the bombings, Salem alleged that an unnamed FBI supervisor declined to move forward on a plan that would have used a "phony powder" to fool the conspirators into believing that they were working with genuine explosives. This event was the first indication for the Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) that terrorism was evolving from a regional phenomenon outside of the United States to a transnational phenomenon. This pulled in the perimeter wall. [46] In particular, the fires on floors 7 through 9 and 11 through 13 continued to burn out of control during the afternoon. Bids for the lease came from Vornado Realty Trust; a joint bid between Brookfield Properties Corporation and Boston Properties;[184] and a joint bid by Silverstein Properties and The Westfield Group. In the wake of the bombing and the chaotic evacuation which followed, the World Trade Center and many of the firms inside of it revamped emergency procedures, particularly with regard to evacuation of the towers. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has released its long-awaited report on the collapse of World Trade 7 following the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. A vehicle identification number (VIN), found on a piece from an axle, gave investigators crucial information that led them to a Ryder truck rented from DIB Leasing in Jersey City. [29], Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. Yousef was captured in Pakistan in February 1995, returned to America, and convicted along with the van driver, Eyad Ismoil. ", "NIST NCSTAR 18 The Emergency Response Operations", "McKinsey Report Increasing FDNY's Preparedness", https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/cause-world-trade-center-collapse.htm, "9/11 Exposed Deadly Flaws in Rescue Plan", "McKinsey Report Improving NYPD Emergency Preparedness and Response", "McKinsey Report Emergency Medical Service response", Stairwell sign from the World Trade Center, "Oral Histories From Sept.11 Interview with Captain Anthony Varriale", "Questions and Answers about the NIST WTC 7 Investigation", "WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Chief Peter Hayden", "WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Captain Chris Boyle", "Oral Histories From Sept.11 Interview with Chief Daniel Nigro", "Rescuing the Buildings Beyond Ground Zero", "9/11's Miracle Survivor Sheds Bandages; A 1907 Landmark Will Be Restored for Residential Use", "Jets hit towers in most vulnerable spots", "Why Did the World Trade Center Collapse?Simple Analysis", "How safe are our skyscrapers? A memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks, a new rapid transit hub, and an elevated park have been opened. Yousef set up residence in Jersey City, New Jersey, traveled around New York and New Jersey and called Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, a controversial blind Muslim cleric, via cell phone. Silverstein took out an insurance plan that 'fortuitously' covered terrorism. During each collapse, large portions of the perimeter columns and the cores were left without any lateral support, causing them to fall laterally towards the outside, pushed by the increasing pile of rubble. [5] The trusses had a span of 60ft (18m) in the long-span areas and 35ft (11m) in the short-span area. Science, Engineering, and Speculation", "Man's death from World Trade Center dust brings Ground Zero toll to 2,753", "Last Steel Column From the Ground Zero Rubble Is Cut Down", "The politics of remembering Ground Zero", "CNN: Pieces of ship made in 1700s found at ground zero building site", "Lets Port Group Disband, State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation", "Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines", "2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center", "City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center", "Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center", "Building construction: High-rise construction since 1945", World Trade Center Building Performance Study (2002), "New York: A Documentary Film The Center of the World (Construction Footage)", "Peter B. Kaplan, a Photographer With Altitude, Is Dead at 79", "Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center", "Timeline: World Trade Center chronology", "A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel", "High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center", "The World Trade Center's Rocky Real Estate History", "Kheel Urges Port Authority to Sell Trade Center", "Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People", "About New York: 39 years observing the observers", "Commercial Property; In Office Market, a Time of Uncertainty", "The World Trade Center: Statistics and History", "At Trade Center Deck, Views Are Lofty, as Are the Prices", "1973: World Trade Center Is Dynamic Duo of Height", "Architecture; Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Bldgs?