After distillation, the diesel fraction is normally processed to reduce the amount of sulfur in the fuel. Such a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel component is any fraction of the middle distillate fuel range, which can be isolated from the (optionally hydrocracked) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. The color of the electronic cigarette is generally golden yellow or colorless liquid. LP gas is a mixture of propane and butane, both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. Temperature of ignition (K) 6. If the acid group in the terminal acid group is a salt, then examples of suitable cations include metal ions, such as sodium, potassium and calcium, and ammonium ions, such as an ammonium ion (NH4+), N(CH3)4+, and NH(CH3)4+. Viscosity is one of the key parameters used when evaluating liquid fuels for use in industrial gas turbines and generally should be <10cSt (most regular diesel fuels <7 . The volatile gas streams are transformed to fuel compounds via a catalyst conversion process. An example of such a friction modifier is a propoxylated ester of alkyl DEA as disclosed in WO2010/05720 and commercially available from BASF. Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Gasses are lightweight, so it would take a larger tank to . Amines may also be added, if appropriate, for example as described in WO 03/076554. This causes precipitation of the dissolved water from the fuel. Fig. 3,996,059, GB 1 373 660 and GB 1 342 746. 14 A blend of approximately 30% kerosene and 70% gasoline, it is known as wide-cut fuel. V.K. having predominantly internal double bonds) polybutene or polyisobutene having Mn of from 300 to 5000. Most preferably, the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group Y in formula (I) is a stearyl group, 12-hydroxystearyl group, an oleyl group, a 12-hydroxyoleyl group or a group derived from naturally occurring oil such as tall oil fatty acid. Pressure shocks serve to compress these higher boiling compounds and contribute to fracturing cell walls within the biomass. These illustrations and their accompanying description should not be construed as mandating a particular architecture or configuration. Preferably, the nitrogen-containing detergent is selected from a group comprising polyalkene monoamines, polyetheramines, polyalkene Mannich amines and polyalkene succinimides. The Fischer-Tropsch product will suitably contain more than 80 wt % and more suitably more than 95 wt % iso and normal paraffins and less than 1 wt % aromatics, the balance being naphthenics compounds. Diesel may cost more or less than gasoline, but generally costs less to produce because the extraction processes used are simpler. For example, the oxygen content of the gasoline may be up to 25 percent by weight, preferably up to 10 percent by weight. More preferably, the hydrocarbyl group Y in formula (III) is unsubstituted or substituted by a group selected from hydroxy, halo or alkoxy group, even more preferably C1-4 alkoxy. The lubricity of the gasoline compositions was determined by using a modified HFRR test. However, jet fuel tends to have poor lubricating ability in comparison to diesel, which increases wear in fuel injection equipment. 1. L The development of advanced air transportation has raised new demands for high-performance liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal acid group that are preferred in the present invention are those which each have an acid value of less than 70 mg.KOH/g, more preferably less than 60 mg.KOH/g, even more preferably less than 50 mg.KOH/g and most preferably less than 40 mg.KOH/g. Such esters may, for example, be obtained by saponification and esterification of natural fats and oils of plant or animal origin or by their transesterification with lower aliphatic alcohols. The lubricating oil composition may generally contain in the range of from 0.4 to 1.0 percent by weight of zinc dithiophosphate, based on total weight of the lubricating oil composition. The majority of the atoms, other than hydrogen, in substituted hydrocarbyl groups are generally carbon, with the heteroatoms (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur) generally representing only a minority, about 33% or less, of the total non-hydrogen atoms present. Methanol-based fuels are used in some race cars and model aeroplanes. However, very few diesel aircraft engines have been certified by aviation authorities. The anion Xq of the compound of formula (III) is not critical and can be any anion (or mixture of anions) suitable to balance the positive charge of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide cation. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. This term may also include seeds such as vegetable seeds, fruit seeds, and legume seeds. The additive blend is then added to a base fuel to produce a liquid fuel composition. 5b. Examples of poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide salt derivatives having a formula (III) that are available commercially include that available from Lubrizol under the trade designation SOLSPERSE 17000 (a reaction product of poly(12-hydroxystearic acid) with N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine and dimethyl sulphate) and those available under the trade designations CH-5 and CH-7 from Shanghai Sanzheng Polymer Company. As the aviation industry's jet kerosene demands have increased to more than 5% of all refined products derived from crude, The poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal amine group that are preferred in the present invention are those which each have a TBN (total base number) value of at least 100 mg.KOH/g, more preferably at least 150 mg.KOH/g, even more preferably at least 175 mg.KOH/g and most preferably at least 200 mg.KOH/g, as measured by ASTM D 4739. Methanol is the lightest and simplest alcohol, produced from the natural gas component methane. Abstract. The hydroxyl group in the hydroxycarboxylic acid and the carboxylic acid group in the hydroxycarboxylic acid or the non-hydroxycarboxylic acid may be primary, secondary or tertiary in character. 3,755,433 and U.S. Pat. The fuel used was an EN228 Low Sulphur E5 Gasoline. Some are almost identical to their civilian counterparts and differ only by the amounts of a few additives; Jet A-1 is similar to JP-8, Jet B is similar to JP-4. In the compound of formula (III), the optional substituents in the group A are preferably selected from hydroxy, halo or alkoxy groups, especially C1-4 alkoxy groups. The alkenyl group may have one or more double bonds, such as 1, 2 or 3. No. [14], The DEF STAN 91-091 (UK) and ASTM D1655 (international) specifications allow for certain additives to be added to jet fuel, including:[15][16]. In addition, small quantities of nitrogen may be present. The boiling point of propane is -42C and that of butane is -0.5 C. The lubricating oil used in the lubricating oil composition may conveniently comprise mixtures of one or more mineral oils and/or one or more synthetic oils. In formula (III), Z is preferably an optionally substituted divalent bridging group represented by formula (IV). However, none of the afore-mentioned patent documents disclose the use of one or more poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide salt derivatives as disclosed herein in fuel compositions. Fuel components can be combined to compositions with a wide range of distillation properties. The other difference is the mandatory addition of an anti-static additive to Jet A-1. The biomass may be dispensed in pre-dried form, or it may be dried after dispensation. The fraction collected between 163F to 189F is shown in Fig. Conveniently, the research octane number (RON) of the gasoline may be at least 80, for instance in the range of from 80 to 110, preferably the RON of the gasoline will be at least 90, for instance in the range of from 90 to 110, more preferably the RON of the gasoline will be at least 91, for instance in the range of from 91 to 105, even more preferably the RON of the gasoline will be at least 92, for instance in the range of from 92 to 103, even more preferably the RON of the gasoline will be at least 93, for instance in the range of from 93 to 102, and most preferably the RON of the gasoline will be at least 94, for instance in the range of from 94 to 100 (EN 25164); the motor octane number (MON) of the gasoline may conveniently be at least 70, for instance in the range of from 70 to 110, preferably the MON of the gasoline will be at least 75, for instance in the range of from 75 to 105, more preferably the MON of the gasoline will be at least 80, for instance in the range of from 80 to 100, most preferably the MON of the gasoline will be at least 82, for instance in the range of from 82 to 95 (EN 25163). WO 2009/004652 to Nair et al, titled "A Biofuel Composition, Process and Preparation and a Method of Fueling Thereof", discloses distilled cashew nut shell liquid as one of the components for biofuel as well as methods for production and formulation of said biofuel. According to some embodiments of the invention, the aviation fuel composition contains a second fuel component, comprising one or more C4+ compounds derived from biomass conversion using ramps of temperature under pressure, wherein the fuel component has a component final boiling point in the range of 110C and 250C, a component density at 20C in the range of 600 to 990 kg/m3, a component sulfur content of at most 10 mg/kg, a component RON in the range of 80 to 120 and a component MON in the range of 75 to 110. Carbon is even more sensitive than most metals in its inverse relationship between electrical resistance and thermal conductivity. The R1 group in the terminal amine group is preferably independently selected from hydrogen and a C1-C4 hydrocarbyl group; more preferably R1 is independently selected from hydrogen and a C1-C4 alkyl group. TYPES OF LIQUID FUELS fossil (crude oil and derived fuels, oil shale, tar shale), synthetic (alcohols, product of coal liquefaction, vegetable oils). In order to maintain the total sulphated ash content of the lubricating oil composition at a level of preferably not greater than 1.0 percent by weight, more preferably at a level of not greater than 0.75 percent by weight and most preferably at a level of not greater than 0.7 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition, said detergents are preferably used in amounts in the range of 0.05 to 12.5 percent by weight, more preferably from 1.0 to 9.0 percent by weight and most preferably in the range of from 2.0 to 5.0 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. g The term Hydrocarbyl in the context of the alcohol has the same meaning as given above for the acid. Paraffinic lubricating oils have higher VI (generally >95) and a high pour point. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that functional groups such as hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, nitro and cyano in a substituted hydrocarbyl group Y will displace one of the hydrogen atoms of the hydrocarbyl, whilst functional groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl, tertiary amino (N), oxy, sulphonyl and sulphoxyl in a substituted hydrocarbyl group will displace a CH or CH2 moiety of the hydrocarbyl. A liquid fuel composition is provided containing: (a) a diesel base fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine; and (b) in the range of 10 ppmw to 2 wt %, by weight of the liquid fuel composition, of one or more organic UV filter compounds selected from imidazoles, triazines, triazones and triazoles, and mixtures thereof. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts and concentrations disclosed in the examples are based on weight of the fully formulated fuel composition. 11168052.6, filed May 30, 2011 the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Production of gasoline is achieved by distillation of crude oil. Detergent-containing diesel fuel additives are known and commercially available. The lubricant used was Shell Helix 5W-30 or Shell Helix Plus 10W40. 5,378,348, U.S. Pat. 8 summarizes the distillation properties of fuel components according to an embodiment of the present invention and the properties of a gasoline composition, aviation fuel composition, kerosene composition and diesel fuel composition containing a fuel component. The gasoline composition has an initial boiling point in the range of 0C and 70C, a final boiling point at most 225C, a RON number in the range of 80 to 120 and a MON number in the range of 75 to 110. As higher temperatures are reached, the fact that carbon is a better heat transfer agent than water enables higher boiling compounds to become volatile. one or more C, Click for automatic bibliography In one embodiment of the present invention, p is at least 1 (i.e. No. Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from fossil fuels; however, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel (for . Examples of such components can be found in WO2008/135602. generation, Deposit control additives for direct injection gasoline engines, PROCESS FOR COMBINED BIODIESEL AND ALCOHOL PRODUCTION, AND FUEL COMPOSITIONS PRODUCED THEREFROM, PRODUCTION OF COMMERCIAL BIODIESEL FROM GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROORGANISMS, Microwave-enhanced process to maximize biodiesel production capacity, Preparation of amine derivates from nitriles and phenols, Method for producing biodiesel using high-cell-density cultivation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor, APPLICATIONS OF GLASS MICROPARTICLES AND NANOPARTICLES MANUFACTURED FROM RECYCLED GLASSES, Catalytic metal additive concentrate and method of making and using, Engine fuels from coal and biomass volatile matter, Multifunctional Cooling Additives For Middle Distillates, Having An Improved Flow Capability. In one implementation, a kerosene composition contains a fourth fuel component, comprising one or more C4+ compounds derived from biomass conversion using ramps of temperature under pressure, wherein the fourth fuel component has an initial boiling point in the range of 80C to 220C, a final boiling point in the range of 220C to 320C, and a sulfur content of at most 10 mg/kg. It is very important that jet fuel be free from water contamination. As more EPA regulations are introduced, more refineries are hydrotreating their jet fuel production, thus limiting the lubricating abilities of jet fuel, as determined by ASTM Standard D445. The amount of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel used in the diesel fuel may be from 0% to 100% v of the overall diesel fuel, preferably from 5% to 100% v, more preferably from 5% to 75% v. It may be desirable for such a diesel fuel to contain 10% v or greater, more preferably 20% v or greater, still more preferably 30% v or greater, of the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel. In particular, this review paper teaches that one of the properties of a lubricant composition which affects the fuel economy performance of that lubricant composition is viscosity. CHAPTER 20 COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF LIQUID-METAL FUELS 95 20-1. Biomass feedstocks are much less expensive than liquid fossil fuel feedstocks. In formula (VI), n is preferably in the range of from 8 to 24 and m is preferably in the range of from 16 to 48. Such products are described in particular in EP-A-310 875, EP-A-356 725, EP-A-700 985 and U.S. Pat. Suitable alternative anti-wear additives include boron-containing compounds such as borate esters, borated fatty amines, borated epoxides, alkali metal (or mixed alkali or alkaline earth metal) borates and borated overbased metal salts. Examples of ash-free dispersants which may be used include the polyalkenyl succinimides and polyalkenyl succininic acid esters disclosed in Japanese Patent Nos. [50], The U.S. Air Force's C-17 Globemaster III, F-16 and F-15 are certified for use of hydrotreated renewable jet fuels. Typical fractions will boil in the naphtha, kerosene or gas oil range. The amount of first fuel additive in the additive blend is preferably in the range of from 0.1 to 99.8 wt %, by weight of the additive blend. This process has been described in detail in co-owned Patent Application No. GB 2 001 083 discloses poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide derivatives with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) having a molecular weight (MW) greater than 500 for a similar use. Suitable compounds having a group reactive with the terminal carboxylic acid group of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) and a terminal amine group, include unsubstituted and substituted amines, diamines, and polyamines, examples of substituted amines are mono-, di- and tri-alkylamines, alkyleneamines, and alpha-amino- or alpha-hydroxy-alkane amines, most suitably ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepennamine and pentaethylenehexamine, most preferably tetraethylenepentamine; and, suitable bifunctional linking compounds, which can form a linking group between the polyester and the terminal amine group, are polyamines, polyols, hydroxyamines and Z groups as described above. The biomass may be ground by a variety of equipment including, but not limited to, equipment for making mulch, chips, pellets, or sawdust. Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container. The modified HFRR test is based on ISO 12156-1 using a PCS Instruments HFRR supplemented with the PCS Instruments Gasoline Conversion Kit, and using a fluid volume of 15.0 ml (+/0.2 ml), a fluid temperature of 25.0 C. (+/1 C.), and wherein a PTFE cover is used to cover the test sample in order to minimise evaporation. Butanol's only major disadvantages are its high flashpoint (35C or 95F), toxicity (note that toxicity levels exist but are not precisely confirmed), and the fact that the fermentation process for renewable butanol emits a foul odour. The interesterification of the hydroxycarboxylic acid and the non-hydroxycarboxylic acid chain terminator may be effected by heating the starting materials, optionally in a suitable hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene or xylene, and azeotroping off the formed water.
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