The conference is popularly called "The Berlin Conference". African nationalism is a political movement for the unification of Africa (Pan-Africanism) and for national self-determination. The Colony was ultimately governed by the British Colonial Office in London. The choice of political elite at the time of independence can also explain these differences. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. They were helped by two major factors; the discovery of quinine as a preventive drug against malaria and the armory the British possess which was superior compared to those of the Nigerians. Clifford also believed that indirect rule encouraged centripetal tendencies. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. [31], In 1891, the consulate established the Niger Coast Protectorate Force or "Oil Rivers Irregulars".[32]. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to see among other things the British interest in the area referred to as Sokoto Caliphate, the crises and conflicts that ensued, the resistance put up by the people and the eventual conquest of the caliphate. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. The kingdom of Benin - BBC Bitesize In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. The election of the House of Representatives after the adoption of the 1954 constitution gave the NPC a total of seventy-nine seats, all from the Northern Region. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. [23] Regardless, slavery had decimated the population and fuelled militarisation and chaos, thereby paving the way for more aggressive colonisation.[21][24]. What are the Factors which facilitated the rise of Colonialism? tamko building products ownership; 30 Junio, 2022; factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria . Facebook Instagram Email. His mission failed, but Park and his party covered more than 1,500 kilometres (930mi), passing through the western portions of the Sokoto Caliphate, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near Bussa. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. June 30, 2022 . Rivalry between the Royal Niger Company and the Lagos Protectorate over the boundary between the emirate of Ilorin and the empire of Ibadan was resolved with the abrogation of the charter of the Royal Niger Company on January 1, 1900, in return for wide mineral concessions. The protectorate was organised to control and develop trade coming down the Niger. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. The British colonial agricultural and industrial policies in Nigeria have implications for the country's economic advancement. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. The Action Group consistently supported minority-group demands for autonomous states within a federal structure, as well as the severance of a midwest state from the Western Region. Some were deposed, some were defeated in battle, and others collaborated. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. [11] [12] 0 Wishlist. Thus Spain and Portugal set up colonies in Central and South America after it was discovered by Columbus. Despite the acceptance of European and North American influences, the nationalists were critical of colonialism for its failure to appreciate the antiquity, richness and complexity of indigenous cultures. Lugard bequeathed to his successor a prosperous colony when his term as Governor-General expired. Some of them also manned Company stations and served as District Agents.". British and French traders did a large share of this business until 1807 when they were replaced by the Portuguese and the Spaniards. Colonial official A. J. Harding commented in 1913: Sir F. Lugard's proposal contemplates a state which it is impossible to classify. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. British Colonize Nigeria Essay - 979 Words | Bartleby Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. 979 Words. History of Nigeria - Wikipedia [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties. The British responded to such evidence of rivalry by defending their right to free navigation on the river at the Berlin West Africa Conference of 188485. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. Harding, director of Nigerian affairs at the Colonial Office, defined the official position of the British Government in support of indirect rule when he said that "direct government by impartial and honest men of alien race [] never yet satisfied a nation long and [] under such a form of government, as wealth and education increase, so do political discontent and sedition". Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. emblemhealth medicare customer service; did cody webster play college baseball 0 Home. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. Its effects are still widely felt up till today. Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate passed from company hands to the Crown. September 1996. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. Africans also were represented on the Lagos Legislative Council, a largely appointed assembly. [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. European slave trading from West Africa began before 1650, with people taken at a rate of about 3,000 per year. [54] Olivier was a member of the Fabian Society and a friend of George Bernard Shaw. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the West African Students Union, founded in London in 1925. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeriacan low magnesium kill you. Slaves formerly had been traded for European goods, especially guns and gunpowder, but now the British encouraged trade in palm oil in the Niger delta states, ostensibly to replace the trade in slaves. Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. This article examines the deployment of West African soldiers for military service in West Africa, including the manner of mobilization and recruitment. oriented. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. The huge African continent (three times the size of the continental United States) was particularly vulnerable to European conquest. Their common denominators tended to be based on newly assertive ethnic consciousness, particularly that of the Yoruba and Igbo. Most accounts of Nigeria's colonisation were written by British officials, presenting it as a noble civilising mission to rid Africans of barbaric superstition and corrupt tribal leadership. Goods were made available on credit to African middlemen, who were expected to trade them at a pre-arranged price and deliver the proceeds to the company. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. Some were deposed, some were defeated in battle, and others collaborated. Some African Christian communities formed their own independent churches. The first factor to be taken into account is that the British by nature are conservative. [8] Azikiwe was installed as Governor-General of the federation and Balewa continued to serve as head of a democratically elected parliamentary, but now completely sovereign, government. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. . The movement brought to public notice a long list of future leaders, including H.O. The supply of precious metals was finite, and monarchs hoped to find large deposits of gold and silver in the Americas. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. Men The British targeted Nigeria because of its resources. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultans capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. As a further step toward independence, the Governor's Executive Council was merged with the Council of Ministers in 1957 to form the all-Nigerian Federal Executive Council. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". Economic competition among these "houses" was so fierce that trade often erupted into an armed battle between the crews of the large canoes. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. [11], Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. Vice consuls were assigned to ports that already had concluded treaties of cooperation with the Foreign Office. The British colonization of Kenya destroyed the culture and economy of the native people, but it established a democratic government and left Kenya a more modernized country. From Conquest to Independence: the Nigerian Colonial Experience Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. Impact of British Colonization on Kenya - PHDessay.com A revelatory account of British imperialism's shameful impact on Africa's most populous state. The operations of this force are still not fully known due to a policy of strict secrecy mandated by the British Government. Imperialism, or the extension of one nation-state's domination or control over territory outside its own boundaries, peaked in the 19th century as European powers extended their holdings around the world. In November 1908, Bergheim reported striking oil; in September 1909, he reported extracting 2,000 barrels per day. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,0002,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. The British and the French fought the Carnatic Wars, which the British won decisively - making the British the foremost colonial power. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. Industrial Revolution: Definition, Inventions & Dates - HISTORY BRITISH CONQUEST, COLONIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA - ResearchGate This made the British win key battles all over the East Coast, as they effectively grabbed control. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. Ever since, the north-south divide has dominated the politics of independent Nigeria. A third type of organisation that was more pointedly political was the youth or student group, which became the vehicle of intellectuals and professionals. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. If adopted, his proposals can hardly be a permanent solution and I gather that Sir F. Lugard only regards them as temporaryat any rate in part. [73] The spread of the disease was quick and deadly, with an estimated 1.5% of the population of Lagos falling victim. These include the fact that military conscription (draft) of numerous African colonial subjects into European armies generated great amounts of anger. They noticed something odd about the local fishermen and asked to come ashore. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria He was convinced that the Muslim religion had fallen into utter degeneration as a result of moral depravity of the Hausa Emirs. What Britain Did to Nigeria A Short History of Conquest and Rule Max Siollun. It is still felt 56 years after it was officially announced death. 1. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. [] They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the Company and the indigenous people. In 1851 deposed king Akintoye of Lagos sought British help in restoring him to the throne. The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. Local rulers continued to administer their territories, but consular authorities assumed jurisdiction for the equity courts established earlier by the foreign mercantile communities. In the Northern Region, the colonial government took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. Empty cart. History of Colonization in Africa | How Africa News Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. [11][12], The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day.[13]. These policies met with ongoing resistance. (This was also reflective of growing pan-Africanism among American activists of the time.) Until he stepped down as Governor-General in 1918, Lugard primarily was concerned with consolidating British sovereignty and with assuring local administration through traditional rulers. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. How did use of enslaved African people for labour develop? Nigerian delegates were selected to represent each region and to reflect various shades of opinion. Therefore, other factors exist to explain the institutional design. They received attention from major parties before elections, at which time either a dominant party from another region or the opposition party in their region sought their alliance. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". The NCNC backed creation of a midwest state and proposed federal control of education and health services. it was on that faithful day, 1 st January 1914 that the Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria [74] But with the advancement and efficiency of colonial transportation networks, it was only a matter of time before the disease began to spread into the interior. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. the British Government completed their assignment of conquest and came up with what they called the Amalgamation of Nigeria . The Crusades and the Reconquista cemented religious intolerance, and the Christians looked to colonization partly as a means of continuing religious conquests. The Action Group was thus the heir of a generation of flourishing cultural consciousness among the Yoruba and also had valuable connections with commercial interests that were representative of the comparative economic advancement of the Western Region. Siollun concludes with what he calls "the mistake of 1914": his view that the British resolution to join their northern and southern protectorates into one poorly integrated colony constitutes the single most consequential decision of colonial rule in Nigeria. In popular parlance, discussions of colonialism in Africa usually focus on the European conquests that resulted in the scramble for Africa after the Berlin Conference in the 19th century. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. The mud-walled city of Kano was captured in February, and, after a vigorous skirmish at Kotorkwashi, the sultan's capital, Sokoto, fell the next month. The Reconquista, or reconquest, refers to the 800 years of violence and expulsion of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the failed Crusades. The Colonial and Pre-Colonial Eras in Nigeria | AHA - Historians Spain was driven by three main motivations. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. The Headquarters of Gombe emirate was Gombe-Abba[15] until when the then Emir of Gombe, Umaru Kwairanga (18981922), was forced to move from Gombe-Abba, a town founded by his grandfather and the founder of Gombe Emirate, Modibbo Bubayero, to Nafada town in 1913, and then to the current Gombe in 1919, that was after Gombe Emirate was conquered by British colonialists in 1903. Three years later internal divisions arose that was dominated by major ethnic loyalties. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. by How Africa 6 years ago. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households.
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