For example, the Lumpa Church, founded by the prophetess Alice Lenshina, spread across Bemba country in the 1950s and was repressed by government in the 1960s. As such children become responsible, self-reliant, and creative given the fact that parents and children rarely have money to spend on expensive (or even cheap) toys. Copperbelt Province 3. Religious Belief Thus, wage employment in urban centers is regarded as suitable for men. This omission is a serious one in the study of primitive society, in which starvation is a constant menace. Forms of chitemene have changed over time. For example, the name for elephant in Bemba is nsofu, in Tonga it is ndopu, while in Luyana it is muzovu. Thus it it is really amazing that all these peoples who have been rooted here for so long have maintained their ancient matriarchal patterns up to present day. Chisungu ;a Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Zambia Van Gennep was the first observer of human behaviour to note that the ritual ceremonies that accompany the landmarks of human life differ only in detail from one culture to another, and that they are in essence universal. For background history of the Bemba, see Andrew D. Roberts's A History of the Bemba (Madison, Wis., 1973). Before the arrival of the Europeans, the most common type of cloth was that made from bark, which was worn around the waist by women as a loincloth. LOCATION: Igboland (Southern Nigeria) At the end, the tribal circle is broken, a joyous celebration takes place, and the person is symbolically and literally welcomed back into the tribe. 1: Chewa; Tonga; Zambians. This is why we give the book . Education in high school and universities is also in English. Church congregations led by elected church elders exist in most villages. But these arrangements are not carved in stone, as young men and sometimes even young women move from village to village over the course of their lifetimes following their respective matriarchal lines." Among the neighboring Lamba people, Lesa is thought to have been a man who lived on earth and helped his people. At least since the spread of the bamuchapi witchfinders in the 1930s, witchcraft accusations have combined ancestral and Christian belief systems. They converted many of the peoples of Zambia, including the Bemba, to Christianity. Labrecque, d. Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Zambia 2nd edition by Richards, Audrey (1982) Paperback $15.89 (5) Only 2 left in stock - order soon. There are some households that are progressive and earn a substantial amount of cash through poaching, fishing, and casual labor to enable them to buy goods exceeding basic needs. Hinfelaar, Hugo F. (1994). Icisungu: A Girl's Initiation Ceremony among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia. The Bemba people are not generally known for a complex folk art culture. Land Tenure. On this Website there is a lot of information about the Bemba people, which is more elaborated than the one I will present here, but I cannot guarantee its scientific validity. A thick porridge is made from the flour and is eaten with a relish, a side dish of vegetables or meat. Documents disponibles crits par cet auteur (24) As women are the sex that might give birth to both sexes, they are supposed to have two snakes in their organs; one male and one female, whilst men only have one. Two clans in partnership usually have names that are associated and show the type of joking relationship. PRONUNCIATION: EE-bo After 1991 chiefs were supposed to remain outside formal politics, but their influence remains significant. (1931). Except in the towns, piped water and electricity are rare. The United Church of Zambia (previously the London Missionary Society), Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Seventh-Day Adventists are important denominations. During the colonial period the Bemba territory became an important labor-supply hinterland for the copper mines. Encyclopedia.com. 27 Oct. 2022 . New York: Peter Lang, 1983. The Northern Province, with provincial headquarters at Kasama, has nine districts with elected district councils at district capitals called the Boma. . (October 27, 2022). It is based ultimately on kinshipreal or fictivewith the paramount chief and, derivatively, with the territorial chiefs. Like other central African ethnic groups, the Bemba acknowledge a high god known as Lesa. Men dominate hunting and fishing activities, while women and children gather wild produce such as mushrooms and caterpillars. Most Bemba are Christians. The nucleus of a commoner Bemba village consists of the headman's matrilocal extended family. Bemba and Related Peoples of Northern Rhodesia, 1-32, 70-76. In general, men prepare the chitemene fields by cutting and burning the branches. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Kinship ALTERNATE NAMES: Eibe, Ebwe, Ehwe, Efe, Eve, Eue, Gbe, Vhe, Krepe, Krepi, Popo PRONUNCIATION: CHAH-guh The cutting of the trees is solely a man's job; the women and children collect the chopped branches and pile them into heaps which are then burnt. The importance of maize has increased over time, and it is likely to take the place of finger millet as the main staple. They were divided into quarters, ruled over by loyal supporters of the chief. Brelsford, W. V. The Succession of Bemba Chiefs: A Guide for District Officers. Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement. The Babemba tribe of Africa believes that each human being comes into the world as good. 4 reviews While there have been a number of descriptions and interpretations of boys' initiation rituals, Audrey Richards's classic study of initiation rites among the Bemba remains one of the few studies to deal in detail with the initiation of girls into adult life. The Bemba recognize the following distinctive marks of societal membership: a common name, Babemba; a common language, Cibemba, which in their eyes forms a distinct dialect; distinctive scarification, a vertical cut on each temple behind the eyes, almost one inch long; common historical traditions; and allegiance to a common paramount chief, the citimukulu, whose rule of the Bemba territory is unquestioned. After the death in battle of Chiti and Nkole, the son of Chilufya became chief. The Bemba, also known as Awemba, inhabit the northeastern part of Zambia between lakes Tanganyika, Mweru, Malawi, and Bangweulu. The Bemba Heritage is a chronicle of traditional culture and wisdom of the Bemba people of Zambia. The Luba/Lunda chiefs did not alter the cultural and economic practices of the original inhabitants, adapting them while proclaiming descent from royalty to legitimize their rule. London: International African Institute. Children generally attend school. Male activities in rural areas are fewer than female, more spaced out and less repetitive. In many areas cassava and maize have replaced the traditional staple, millet. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba, "Bemba Both groups saw the religious role of women as reactionary and dangerous. The chief Bemba crafts are pottery and baskets. The first recorded contact between Portuguese traders and Bemba chiefs took place in 1831, when another expedition to Mwata Kazembe under A. C. P. Garnitto encountered Bemba chiefs expanding to the south. Initiation Ceremony Among The Bemba Of Zambia When people should go to the ebook stores, search foundation by shop, shelf by shelf, it is truly problematic. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The encouragement of nuclear families by Christian churches and the ability to provide money instead of labor service to the wife's family has meant that a husband can achieve this position with greater ease. An individual can rely on the support of his or her clan and joking clan members. Gordon, David "Bemba Everything that needs emphasis is made visual so it can be easy for one to remember. The chief's wives and servants were buried with his remains. The introduction of individual land registration under the post-1991 government has not had an impact. During the colonial period the Bemba territory became an important labor-supply hinterland for the copper mines. One of the Bemba dialects has become the lingua franca of the cosmopolitan urban population of major Zambian cities such as Kitwe and Ndola. An urban dialect called Town Bemba (ichiTauni or ichiKopebeelti) is a widely used lingua franca in the Copperbelt towns and consists of a number of loan words from English in Zambia and from French and Swahili in the southern DRC. The Bemba use folklore, myths, and the oral tradition to pass on needed information about beliefs, customs, and culture from one generation to the next. Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Zambia (Routledge Classics). Superimposed upon this kinship base is a highly centralized, hierarchical, and authoritarian political system consisting of three main levels of organization: the state, the district, and the village. On this day every year, celebrations are arranged in major cities and throughout the country. PerformanceThe Rites of PassageChisungu: a Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of ZambiaBecoming SinnersSymbolic WoundsThe Ritual ProcessAffluence and InfluenceRe-thinking Sexualities in AfricaSituating GlobalityChisunguModels and MirrorsThe Gisu of UgandaChisungu ;a Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the . However, as soon as girls reach puberty, sexual contacts with men are prohibited until marriage. Once the fertility of the soil around the village has been exhausted, the village may be relocated to some other suitable location. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bemba-1, "Bemba . To a certain extent Christianity has stabilized marital relations. Social Control Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. Food prohibitions and taboos are not common among the Bemba, except in certain circumstances, such as soon after marriage when a son-in-law might be prohibited from eating the food cooked by his mother-in-law, or when a girl undergoing the chisungu initiation ceremony might be restricted from eating certain foods. Catalogue en ligne Bibliothque salsienne, AFC. Before the 1840s the greatest challenge to the Bemba came from Mwata Kazembe's Eastern Lunda Kingdom based in the Luapula Valley; after 1840 the Ngoni from southern Africa challenged the Bemba from the east in a series of inconclusive wars until a decisive battle in about 1870 led to a Ngoni retreat. London: International African Institute. Zambia obtained independence in 1964 under the leadership of President Kenneth Kaunda. Most clans are named after living things such as plants and animals. Quite the contrary do the Bemba people as well as further Central African cultures in common live in an erotic-ecstatic world in which sexual symbolisms penetrate everything. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average. Settlement is concentrated along the roads and railway line, with farms extending for several miles into the interior. among guides you could enjoy now is chisungu a initiation ceremony among the bemba of zambia below. In contemporary Zambia, the word "Bemba" actually has several meanings. The natural vegetation consists of thin forests of tall trees termed savanna woodland. For example, the Goat Clan jokes with the Leopard Clan because leopards eat goats. (This practice, called bride wealth, is commonly done in patrilineal societies, where descent is through the father.) Vegetables include pumpkin, squash, cabbage, spinach, rape, and cassava leaves. One of the most important Bemba rituals is the female initiation ceremony, Chisungu, held shortly after the onset of menstruation. Ndola, Zambia, 1992. Disease is very much a part of Bemba society. The national literacy rate in Zambia has increased dramatically from a low of about 10% in 1964 to a high of 70% today. It was argued that Imbusa initiation could be a space for empowering women in marriage and society as it is a place of solidarity for women. The Bemba are a matrilineal group that occupy the northeastern part of Zambia, an area of about 51,800 sq km (20,000 sq mi). The king of Kola, Mukulumpe, married a woman who belonged to the Crocodile Clan (Abena Ngandu) and had ears like an elephant, wich I found remarkable as they worship a spirit or a "Goddess" in Issas Wolof - Serere - clan, who perform in the guise of a crocodile called Katchikali (and perhaps, according to the Senegalese anthropologist Cheik Anta Diop, even is transported with these people to India, making up the proto-Goddess to the hindu Goddess Kali and the one in Kerala called Kathakali. The Primordial Creation Myth of this World? In traditional Bemba society, men spend their time on political affairs and business. Agriculture is largely the domain of women, who are responsible for most of the food. Girls Initiation Ceremony Among The Bemba Of Zambiacreate and maintain - or transform - a society's cultural identity and social relations. In rural areas women are the backbone of subsistence agriculture producing most of the food while men are away in urban areas. ALTERNATE NAMES: The King's Men It is also a time when women elders teach younger women the religious and social responsibilities of women in their community. Shaking hands is the normal way of greeting, especially among members of the same age group. Vegetables include pumpkin, squash, cabbage, spinach, rape, and cassava leaves. In contrast to uncultivated land, there is a strong sense of individual ownership of cultivated fields and produce. Ndola, Zambia: The Society of the Missionary for Africa. Traditionally, marriage payments in the form of goods from the groom's family to the bride's family were small and insignificant. Nevertheless, during the first postcolonial regime chiefs became involved in formal district governance and political parties. At initiation ceremonies for young people, especially for girls (or boys at Insaka meeting places), geometrical designs are painted on the inner walls of the house. Cattle traditionally were not domesticated because of the tsetse fly and are still rare. Precolonial religious beliefs revolved around the worship of ancestral spirits (imipashi) and nature spirits (ngulu). In traditional Bemba society, although males are heavily involved in clearing new fields, they are primarily occupied with political affairs and trade. as a first language number approximately 3.7 million, accounting for nearly a third of Zambia's population and a significant proportion of the million inhabitants of southern Katanga. Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu are major geographical features on the plateau. All of these peoples are predominantly agricultural and have a matrilineal-matriiocal emphasis. ETHNONYMS: Lunda, Southern Lunda Another source: Photo by Jessica Hilltout. They speak a maternal, or first, language as well as several other languages. Joking between the Bemba, who are known as baboons (kolwe) for their reputation for eating baboons, and the Ngoni, who are known as rats (kwindi), is an element of social life and a way of overcoming old rivalries, especially in urban areas where Ngoni and Bemba live together. . Rites representing the duties of the girl as cook, gardener, hostess, and mother are carried out. However, it is common for a child to adopt the father's name and ancestral spirit (umupashi), and this is suggestive of a strengthening of patrilineal elements. Bemba support for the government of Frederick Chiluba that took over from Kaunda after democratic elections in 1991 was high. Dr Richards observed the entire chisungu or female initiation rite, an almost continuous series of complex ceremonies lasting for a month. Richards, Audrey I. All gather around the accused individual. However, chitemene has not disappeared and still is an important part of Bemba survival strategies. The cause of death is believed to be a curse or bewitchment by a jealous friend or family member. THE LARGEST ETHNIC GROUP IN THE ZAMBIA, "To condemn this place is to walk in it.". He does not deal with the problems of everyday life, and he lives in the sky. Richards, Audrey I. Chisungu: A Girl's Initiation Ceremony Among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia. The Bemba and Chewa cultural groups conduct their rites of passages for girls at puberty (Mutale, 2017). It will completely ease you to look guide chisungu a girls initiation ceremony among the bemba of zambia as you such as. Except in the towns, piped water and electricity are rare. Pioneering the study of women's rituals and challenging the prevailing theory that rites of passage served merely to transfer individuals from one status to . Some of these ancestral spirits (mipashi ) are considered benign; others, called fiwa, are more dangerous. Zambia has been relatively stable during the post-independence era, and inter-ethnic fighting has not been a major problem. Knowledge of these remedies is widespread. ." The Bemba supported the Cha Cha Cha struggle for independence led by the United National Independence Party (UNIP). Rituals are performed to seek assistance from the ancestors and to ensure that their considerable influence over the lives of the living becomes a force for good. ALTERNATE NAMES: Chaga, Waschagga, Jagga, or Dschagga However, today newlywed couples may stay with the husband's family. At least since the spread of the bamuchapi witchfinders in the 1930s, witchcraft accusations have combined ancestral and Christian belief systems. Tatoos and other forms of scarification were common in the pre-Christian period. [CDATA[ The late Audrey Richards was Director of Studies in Anthropology and held the Smuts Readership in Anthropology at Newnham College, Cambridge. LANGUAGE: Nuer The Bemba usually are classified as matrilineal and matrilocal. Hairstyling among women is still popular. London: Oxford University Press. Mbusa: Sacred Emblems of the Bemba. Praise songs of chiefs and clan elders celebrate battles and past conquests. (This report I also has to be read critically. Ceremonies. Now it was long ago since this people left the life of hunting and gathering, as well as their neighbors Luapula, both of themrepresentative matriarchal branches of the large Bantu group of people in Central Africa, sharing the same proud history of belonging to the great Lunda queendom, earlier led by the typical matriarchal sacred Queen and her brother as representative chief or king, wich was destroyed by there European colonisers. Chiefs once needed additional wives because of their obligations of hospitality which entailed the preparation of large amounts of food, brewing beer, and the cultivation of large fields. Currently, there seems to be a weakening of the matrilineal/matrilocal system; residence departs substantially from matrilocality now and might best be described as bilocal. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. The rite entails no physical operation but involves singing and dancing both within the village and in the bush. . In addition, a patrilineal emphasis has been increasing in the late twentieth century, including a broadening of the father's authority within the family. Matriarchal Societies: Studies on Indigenous Cultures Across the Globe. It is similar to the British system: students spend eight years in primary school, four years in high school, and another four years in college. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Under the first postcolonial regime of Kaunda, UNIP party structures played an important role in running district affairs. Encyclopedia of Religion. The item Chisungu : a girls' initiation ceremony among the Bemba of Northern Rhodesia, by Audrey I. Richards, (microform) represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in University of Missouri Libraries. A huge kingdom at that time, it extended from the west coast of Central Africa (Congo Delta) To Lake Tanganyika in the east. They are stigmatised and under the VaRemba tradition they cannot marry. The village is also the basic political unit. Encyclopedia.com. Since independence, the government of Zambia has devoted substantial amounts of funds to educational development. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The core Bemba group are subjects of Paramount Chief Chitimukulu. Increased male migration to the copper mines after the 1920s was a factor in the replacement of millet cultivation in chitemene fields by cassava. Chiefs and headmen are generally male, but it is not unusual to find women in such positions. : They are one of several types of rites of passagethe ceremonies that mark a person's progress through the stages of life. While there have been a number of descriptions and interpretations of boys' initiation rituals, Audrey Richards' classic study of initiation rites among the Bemba remains one of the few studies to deal in detail with the initiation of girls into adult life. Clans are descent groups, each tracing its descent from a common female ancestor. Tembo, Mwizenge S. Games and Toys in Traditional Zambia. In World and I, vol. Shaking hands is the normal way of greeting, particularly among members of the same age set. The Bemba are the largest ethnic group in the Northern Province of Zambia, where they occupy the high plateau land between 9 and 12 S and between 29 and 32 E, covering the whole district of Kasama and much of Mpika, Chinsali, Luwingu, and Mporokoso districts. After colonialism, raiding and local conflict ceased, and political stability in Zambia has contributed to a long era of peace. Trucks on the main road carry trade goods to and from the Mpulungu harbor on Lake Tanganyika and the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam. The oral tradition of the Bemba court recalls a migration of chiefs from the country of the Luba (Kola). By war, they expanded the Bemba control over conquered territories, and internally the Crocodile clan consolidated control and political authority over other rival clans. This is a direct consequence of the chitemene system of shifting cultivation and necessitates the building of impermanent structures. Snakes are thought to be the ones who bring life during pregnancy, and according to Bemba belief little snakes of energy live in all the organs of the body and especially so in the sexual ones. By the end of Chiluba's first term as president (1996), the MMD's commitment to political reform had faded in the face of re-election demands. After unrest in 1990, elections were opened to other political parties. Due to the poor condition of the soil, a field is abandoned after a few years and a new one is prepared. Encyclopedia.com. Christianity has been fused with older religious practices. Industrial Arts. In urban areas President Chiluba is considered a Bemba even though he comes from Luapula Province and is not a member of the core Bemba group. LANGUAGE: Luganda There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. Dogs are usually kept for hunting small game such as bush pig and duiker (a small antelope). From practicing horticulture as well as slash-and-burn farming, they have to move their fields every fourth year because of poor soil. The matriarchal characteristics in the Bemba and Lupaula peoples are for the first and onlytime thoroughly investigated and recognised in by the female anthropologists Audery I. Richards, Carla o. Poewe and referred to by Heide Gttner Abendroth in herworkMatriarchal Societies: Studies on Indigenous Cultures Across the Globe, 2012, "The husband is in a second-class role, which is usual in this type of structure. The Bemba people recently celebrated Ukusefya Pangwena, which re-enacts the journey from the Luba-Lunda Kingdom into Bembaland. Medicine. Marriages are unstable, and divorce or separation is common, especially if a man fails to provide labor, money, or goods to his wife's family. ." Girls go through an initiation ceremony called Chisungu, a puberty rite that initiates girls through the symbols of life and death in order to give social form and meaning to their sexuality. Even as late as the 20th century these marriages were considered the ideal unions and 50% of the Bemba still practice this." Roberts, Andrew. usually has several "mothers," several "fathers," and many "sons" and "daughters.". The chiefs manipulated Bemba religion to enhance their own power. . In Bemba and Related Peoples of Northern Rhodesia, by Wilfred Whitely, 77-100. These activities provide much needed food during certain months and years of famine when food becomes scarce. For Bemba, traditional cross-cousin marriage between pairs of clans over generations was the normal practice; that is the classical matriarchal mutual intermarriage between two specific, unaltered matrinileal clans. Boulder, The worship of the spirits (imipashi ) of dead chiefsboth paramount and territorial chiefshas since become an essential element of Bemba religion. The Western missionaries were seen as the messengers of God pointing the way to a better future, and as such their teaching was incorporated into the already existing worldview of the people. Inheritance is relatively unimportant, since there are few forms of inheritable wealth. Although the clothing for men is Western (shorts, pants, and shirts), the designs and fashion for women's dresses are typically of Zambian or African origin. Women take care of child-rearing and house-running. Throughout Zambia, the most popular sport played by children and young men is soccer. The first Christian missionaries arrived toward the end of the nineteenth century, when chiefly power was being used in particularly cruel ways. These inequalities can be traced to pre-colonial indigenous traditions, the colonial and post-independence eras. 55, no. Chitimukulu's tribal council consists of a number of royal hereditary officials called abakabilo who have different ritual duties. Traditional remedies are made from bark, fruit, and plant extracts.
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